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Have a report in your hand? Start with the normal ranges, then find your test in its group.
- HbA1c normal range A normal HbA1c is below 5.7%.
- TSH normal range for women A typical TSH range for adults starts at about 0.4 mIU/L, with an upper limit of about 4.0 to 4.5 mIU/L depending on the lab, and women are read against the same range when not pregnant.
- Fasting blood sugar normal range A normal fasting blood sugar is below 100 mg/dL, which is about 5.6 mmol/L.
PCOS hormones
Cholesterol and liver
Vitamins and iron
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A
- Acid refluxWhen acid from your stomach rises back up into your food pipe
- AMH (anti-Mullerian hormone)A hormone made by the small follicles in your ovaries that hold developing eggs
- Amino acidsThe small building blocks that join together to make proteins
- AnaemiaYour blood has fewer red blood cells than normal, or less haemoglobin inside them
- Anti-TPO antibodiesProteins made by your own immune system that attack thyroid peroxidase, an enzyme your thyroid needs to make…
- AntioxidantsNatural or man-made substances that may prevent or delay some kinds of damage to your cells
B
- BloatingWhen your tummy feels full, tight and uncomfortable, and it may look swollen too
- BMI (body mass index)A number worked out from your weight and height: your weight in kilograms divided by your height in metres…
- BMR (basal metabolic rate)The minimum number of calories your body needs just to keep going at complete rest: to breathe, keep your…
- Body fat percentageThe share of your total body weight that is fat, rather than muscle, bone, water and organs
C
- CalciumA mineral your body uses to build bones and teeth, where almost all of it is stored
- CalorieA unit that measures the energy in food and drink
- Calorie deficitEating and drinking fewer calories than your body uses
- CarbohydrateOne of the three main nutrients in food
- Chaas (buttermilk)Indian buttermilk: dahi whisked with plenty of water and usually seasoned with roasted jeera, salt, mint…
- Complete proteinA food protein that contains all the essential amino acids, the building blocks your body cannot make itself…
- ConstipationYou're passing stool less often than usual, often fewer than three times a week, or that it's hard, dry…
- CortisolA hormone made by your adrenal glands, often called the stress hormone
- Crash dietAny plan that cuts your food so drastically that you lose weight very quickly, often more than a kilo a week
- CravingsA craving is a strong, specific urge for a particular food, very often something sweet, salty or fried, that…
- CreatinineA normal waste product made when your muscles work and some muscle tissue breaks down
- CRP (C-reactive protein)A protein your liver makes when there is inflammation in your body
D
- DEXA scanA quick, low-dose X-ray that measures how much calcium and other minerals are packed into your bones
- DHEA-SA hormone made mostly by your adrenal glands, two small glands that sit on top of your kidneys
- Dietary fatThe fat in the food you eat, from oils, ghee and butter to nuts, seeds, milk, meat and fish
E
F
- Fasting blood sugarThe amount of glucose in your blood after you have not eaten anything, usually overnight
- Fasting insulinThe amount of insulin in your blood after an overnight fast
- Fatty liver (NAFLD)When too much fat builds up in your liver
- Fermented foodsFoods in which friendly bacteria or yeast have broken down some of the sugars and starches
- FerritinA protein that stores iron inside your body
- FibreThe part of plant foods that your body can't fully digest
- FolateVitamin B9
- FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)A hormone made by the pituitary gland in your brain
G
- Gestational diabetesDiabetes that appears for the first time during pregnancy
- GlucoseThe main sugar in your blood and your body's main source of energy
- GlutenA protein found naturally in wheat, barley and rye
- Glycemic indexA score from 0 to 100 that shows how quickly a food containing carbohydrate raises your blood sugar
- Glycemic loadA score that looks at both how quickly a food raises your blood sugar (its glycemic index) and how much…
H
- HaemoglobinThe iron-rich protein inside your red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body
- Hashimoto's thyroiditisAn autoimmune condition where your immune system mistakenly attacks your thyroid gland
- HbA1cA blood test that shows your average blood sugar over the past two to three months
- HDL cholesterolOften called good cholesterol
- HOMA-IRA number worked out from two fasting blood tests, your fasting glucose and your fasting insulin
- Hot flushes (hot flashes)A sudden wave of heat over your face, neck and chest, often with sweating and red, flushed skin
- HydrationHaving enough water in your body to keep it working properly
- HyperthyroidismWhen your thyroid gland makes more hormone than your body needs
- HypothyroidismWhen the thyroid gland in your neck doesn't make enough thyroid hormone
I
- IBS (irritable bowel syndrome)A common, usually long-term condition of the digestive system
- ICMR-NINThe National Institute of Nutrition in Hyderabad, part of the Indian Council of Medical Research
- Ideal body weightAn estimate of the weight that suits your height
- IdliA soft, steamed cake made from a fermented batter of rice and urad dal
- IFCT (Indian Food Composition Tables)The Indian Food Composition Tables, a large reference of what's inside Indian foods
- Insoluble fibreThe type of fibre that doesn't dissolve in water
- InsulinA hormone made by your pancreas
- Insulin resistanceWhen your muscles, fat and liver don't respond well to insulin, the hormone that moves sugar from your blood…
- Intermittent fastingAn eating pattern that switches between set periods of eating and not eating
- IronA mineral your body uses to make haemoglobin, the part of your red blood cells that carries oxygen around…
- Iron deficiencyYour body doesn't have enough iron
K
- Kalonji (nigella seeds)Tiny, matt black, teardrop-shaped seeds with a mildly bitter, onion-like taste
- KatoriThe small steel or ceramic bowl that sits on an Indian thali, used to serve dal, sabzi, dahi or kheer
- KhichdiRice and dal cooked together into a soft, one-pot meal, usually with haldi, a little ghee and a jeera tadka
- Kuttu (buckwheat)Buckwheat, and kuttu ka atta is the flour made from its seeds
L
- Lactose intoleranceYour gut doesn't make enough lactase, the enzyme that breaks down lactose, the natural sugar in milk
- LassiA thick drink made by churning dahi with water or milk
- LDL cholesterolOften called bad cholesterol
- LH (luteinising hormone)A hormone made by the pituitary gland in your brain
- LH:FSH ratioThe LH:FSH ratio compares two hormones from your brain that control your ovaries, luteinising hormone and…
M
- MacronutrientsThe three nutrients your body needs in large amounts: carbohydrates, protein and fat
- MagnesiumA mineral your body uses in more than 300 chemical reactions
- MakhanaThe popped seed of Euryale ferox, a prickly water lily that grows in still ponds, mostly in Bihar
- Meal timingWhen you eat through the day, how far apart your meals are and how regular they are from one day to the next
- MenopauseWhen your periods stop for good because your hormone levels have fallen
- Metabolic syndromeMetabolic syndrome isn't one disease
- MetabolismAll the chemical work your body does to turn food and drink into energy
- Methi waterMade by soaking fenugreek seeds in water overnight and drinking the water, sometimes with the softened seeds…
- mg/dLMilligrams per decilitre
- MicronutrientsThe vitamins and minerals your body needs in very small amounts, such as iron, iodine, folate, vitamin A…
- MilletsSmall-seeded grains that have been part of Indian kitchens for centuries
- Mindful eatingSlowing down and paying full attention to your food and your body while you eat
- mmol/LMillimoles per litre
O
- OestrogenA group of female sex hormones made mainly by the ovaries
- Omega-3 fatsA family of healthy fats found in food and in your body
- Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)The oral glucose tolerance test checks how your body handles a large dose of sugar
- OsteopeniaYour bones are less dense than they should be, but not yet thin enough to be called osteoporosis
- OsteoporosisA condition where your bones lose density and strength and become fragile, so they break much more easily
- OxalateA natural compound found in many plant foods, such as spinach, nuts, peanuts, wheat bran and rhubarb
P
- PCODA name widely used in India for the hormone condition that doctors elsewhere call PCOS
- PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome)A common hormone condition in women that can affect periods, fertility, skin, hair, weight and mood
- PerimenopauseThe transition years before menopause, when your ovaries gradually make less oestrogen and your periods start…
- PhytateThe natural form in which seeds store phosphorus
- PhytoestrogensNatural plant compounds that act a little like oestrogen, the hormone your body makes
- Portion sizeThe amount of food you actually put on your plate and eat at one time
- PostmenopauseThe stage of life that starts once you've gone a full year without a period, and it lasts for the rest of…
- Postpartum weightThe extra weight you carry after having a baby
- Postprandial blood sugarYour blood glucose measured after a meal, usually about two hours after you start eating
- PotassiumA mineral and electrolyte that your heart, muscles and nerves need to work properly
- PrebioticsTypes of carbohydrate, mostly fibre, that your body can't digest
- PrediabetesYour blood sugar is higher than normal but not yet high enough to be called diabetes
- ProbioticsLive microorganisms, mostly friendly bacteria and some yeasts, that are meant to benefit your health when you…
- ProgesteroneA hormone made mainly by the ovaries after an egg is released each month
- ProlactinA hormone made by the pituitary gland, a pea-sized gland at the base of your brain
- ProteinA nutrient your body uses to build and repair cells, from muscle and skin to hair
- PulsesThe dried seeds of legume plants: the dals, beans and grams in your kitchen
R
S
- SarcopeniaThe gradual loss of muscle size, strength and function that comes with age
- SatietyThe feeling of being comfortably full and satisfied after eating, the signal that tells you to stop and keeps…
- SattuA flour made by dry-roasting and grinding Bengal gram (chana), sometimes mixed with roasted barley or other…
- Saturated fatA type of fat that's usually solid at room temperature
- Saunf (fennel seeds)The seed of the fennel plant: small, greenish and slightly sweet, with an aniseed taste
- SGPT (ALT)An enzyme found mostly in your liver
- SHBGA protein made mostly by your liver
- Singhara attaFlour made from dried singhara, the horned fruit of the water caltrop (Trapa), a plant that grows in ponds…
- SodiumA mineral and one of your body's main electrolytes
- Soluble fibreThe type of fibre that absorbs water and forms a soft gel in your gut during digestion
T
- T-scoreThe main number on a bone density (DEXA) report
- T3One of the two main hormones your thyroid gland makes
- T4The main hormone made by your thyroid gland in the front of your neck
- TDEE (total daily energy expenditure)The total number of calories your body burns in a whole day
- TestosteroneA hormone that both men and women make, though women make much smaller amounts
- Thermic effect of foodThe extra energy your body uses to digest, absorb and store the food you've just eaten
- Total cholesterolThe total amount of cholesterol in your blood, including both LDL (bad) and HDL (good) cholesterol
- Trans fatA harmful type of fat
- TriglyceridesA type of fat in your blood
- TriphalaA traditional Ayurvedic mix of three dried fruits: amla, haritaki and bibhitaki, usually sold as a powder or…
- TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)A hormone made by the pituitary gland in your brain
- Type 2 diabetesA long-term condition where your blood sugar stays too high because your body doesn't make enough insulin or…
U
V
- Visceral fatThe fat stored deep inside your belly, packed around organs such as your liver, heart, kidneys and intestines
- Vitamin B12A vitamin your body needs to make healthy red blood cells and keep your nerves working
- Vitamin CA vitamin your body uses to grow and repair tissues
- Vitamin DA vitamin your skin makes when it is exposed to sunlight, and you get a little from food
W
- Waist-to-height ratioYour waist measurement divided by your height, using the same unit for both
- Waist-to-hip ratioYour waist measurement divided by your hip measurement
- Water weightThe extra fluid your body holds on to at any given time
- Weight loss plateauA stretch of weeks when the scale stops moving even though you're still following your diet and exercise plan
- Whole grainsA whole grain still has the entire grain kernel, including the outer bran and the germ
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